Climate change presents huge challenges for financial markets. How should firm-level exposure to climate change be measured? Does a risk premium for climate change exposure exist? If so, how does it evolve over time? Which underlying climate-related economic variables drive this risk premium? In light of these challenging questions, significant resources have been allocated to develop the area of climate finance to better grasp how the transition to a low-carbon economy affects financial markets. This paper provides additional evidence to understand more fully how climate-related risks and opportunities affect stock returns.

Hong Kong’s economy is facing a series of significant challenges, including an ongoing fiscal deficit, not being able to fully leverage the composite advantages of the Greater Bay Area, a shrinking middle class, and a drain of international talent.

In recent years, fiscal deficits have emerged as a significant new challenge for the Hong Kong government. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the slowdown in global economic growth, and heightened uncertainties have led to a substantial decline in Hong Kong’s fiscal revenues.

This paper explores green activist investing, whereby environmentally driven activists launch campaigns to promote green shareholder proposals aimed at reducing firms’ environmental impacts. Before 2017, such proposals were rare and seldom supported by large institutional investors. However, since 2020, their number has surged, averaging 55 per year, ranging from 30 in 2020 to 96 in 2023, with a variable success rate averaging 17%. The success of green proposals hinges on proxy votes by pivotal voters, mainly large institutional shareholders, who hold significant stakes across many firms. Together, BlackRock, State Street, and Vanguard alone own the largest shares in 75% of

Over the past decade, two technologies have been at the forefront of the digital revolution. The first is AI, which has seen global adoption, while the latter is the more contentious Web3, a decentralized blockchain protocol. This article will primarily focus on the latter.

What’s the carbon footprint cost of AI to our planet? The cost is heavy. It’s estimated that the training process of ChatGPT-4 has led to over 1,000 tons of CO² emissions. By 2030, it is projected that the AI industry will account for 3.5% of global carbon emissions.

This study examines the distributional effects of high housing costs in Hong Kong using disaggregated population data. We document that public housing shielded much of the population from rapidly rising private housing costs between 2006 and 2016. However, as private housing costs rose, public housing became increasingly misallocated.

In 2023, AI has generated over 100million songs, and it is estimated AI will take over 50% of the music market by 2030. AI technology has opened up a new era in music creation, allowing anyone to generate music through a few text commands, challenging the music industries. However, the record companies shouldn’t reject AI. Instead, they can seek new business models to reshape the industry with AI.